Intermittent fasting diet for fat loss, muscle gain and health. It's been a good while since I last wrote about intermittent fasting. I guess largely because there's only so much to say about the topic and because I feel like I've said most of it. Unless you're going to make inferences based on animal studies, there's only so much you can extrapolate from the human experience and write about. Another part of it is that I've lost interest. Once your understanding of nutrition is complete, more or less, you reach a point of radically diminishing returns - at this point, expanding your knowledge further in this realm, won't make an iota of difference for your level of fitness. It's much more fruitful to improve your training regimen and understanding thereof. A rich body of research on the topic has been published since then. The ongoing interest in IF is not surprising, given its mystique that’s wrapped in ancient spiritual origins, all the way to its modern applications to clinical and aesthetic goals. The aim of this article is to bring the reader up- to- date on the scientific findings, with a particular focus on comparing IF regimes with conventional/linear dieting. ![]() After all, the question is not whether IF works – it obviously does, as does any mode of caloric restriction. The question is whether it works better than conventional dieting for improving body composition, and if so, to which contexts can we apply it. Article continues.. ![]() Scott December 28, 2011. Fascinating stuff here. The nutritional ketosis approach makes some sense to me, from the perspective of human evolution (I Nutrition facts and Information for Egg, whole, cooked, fried. Finding a good 1500 calorie diabetic diet plan can be a challenge. This difficulty exists despite the 1500 calorie diet being one of the most popular weight loss. Alternate day fasting, the latest diet by James Johnson, has hit the weight loss world, but can intermittent fasting really help you to shift. Importantly, they compared the effects of intermittent energy restriction (IER) to continuous energy restriction (CER) on bodyweight, body composition, and other clinical parameters. Their review included 4. IER with a CER condition. They found that overall, the two diet types resulted in “apparently equivalent outcomes” in terms of bodyweight reduction and body composition change. In addition, neither IER or CER was superior to the other at improving glucose control/insulin sensitivity. No different effects on thyroid, cortisol, and sex hormones were seen between IER and CER, though the authors concede that there’s insufficient research comparing neuroendocrine effects of the two diet types to draw definitive conclusions in this area. Interestingly, IER was superior at suppressing hunger. The authors speculated that this might be attributable to ketone production in the fasting phases. However, this effect was somewhat immaterial since it failed to translate into superior improvements in body composition or greater weight loss. MB: Well, that's not quite true. These studies didn't have a suitable control group, as the participants served as their own controls. ![]() Thus, you can't say that it didn't translate into . That's the problem with these systematic reviews Like it says in the paper. Only 1. 2 of the 4. IER with CER: the lack of direct comparison makes it difficult to determine whether IER is superior to CER, or for whom. Limitations of the review included the standard ones – relatively small sample sizes, relatively short trial durations, and heterogeneous study designs making comparisons outside of the same study difficult. An acknowledged limitation worth highlighting was that 1. Varady et al, University of Illinois at Chicago). Ideally, a more diversified and less concentrated set of labs is less likely to repeat the same errors or preserve the same biases. Speaking of the potential for bias, Varady has published a lay- directed book titled, The Every- Other- Day Diet (1. ![]() Daily Nutritional Goals for Age-Sex Groups Based on Dietary Reference Intakes and Dietary Guidelines Recommendations. Intermittent fasting diet for fat loss, muscle gain and health. Articles, research, diet advice, and free guides from IF-expert, Martin Berkhan. Protein (% of total kcal) 16. Fat (% of total kcal) 24. Carbohydrates (% of total kcal) 60. Here's what you need to know. Although this diet is crazy strict, you could lose up to 1 percent body fat per week. With calories extremely low, you'll need a. Lean beef is a perfect fit in a low saturated fat diet. By choosing lean beef, you can meet the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommendations.2 When included. I’m not claiming that Varady is destined to make sure her ADF study results will always square up with her book, but it’s one of the potential caveats nevertheless. I would add to these limitations that there’s a severe lack of IER (and IER vs CER) studies that include a structured training component. MB: I agree wholeheartedly. I'm glad Alan brought this up. The opportunities for fuckery in the scientific literature are endless. ![]() ![]() Usually, industry is the culprit - you know, studies praising the benefits of snacks or breakfast (sponsored by Kellogg's or General Mills) or studies on the tremendous muscle- building effects of protein powders (sponsored by supplement companies) and the like. These studies can't fully be trusted and needs to be scrutinised more than the rest. They're suspect, because their funding comes from a source that would benefit from a positive result, and the results should always be taken with a grain of salt. And very often, almost always in fact, these studies arrive at a positive result. They seemed more like marketing than science. That's more than 9. Here's how to stop them. If you want to read more about this topic as it pertains to nutritional science, check out Marion Nestle and her writings. She's quite brilliant. Why Calories Count by Marion Nestle. I found this book in a large box of bullshit that I ordered from Amazon two years ago. It was the only thing worth scavenging and I intend to read it after I'm done with a few horror novels. I figure that I'd be properly warmed up by then. A book about food politics and marketing shenanigans can get quite dark and depressing no doubt. But food companies are as unlikely to fund research on intermittent fasting, as Coca Cola is unlikely to fund research on ketogenic diets. What Alan brings up is the potential for bias on the researcher's part, Krista Varady to be specific. Aside from researching intermittent fasting, she is also involved in selling books, namely books based off of the research she is doing. While I haven't read The Every- Other- Day Diet, but I have mixed feelings about Krista Varady. She does try a bit too hard for my liking. I covered her work* before in . Note that I'm wrongfully referring to Varady as . In short, she published a pretty shitty review of the subject, but then again, there weren't that many data points around in 2. Five years later, it's gotten a little better, but there's still not enough good data around to draw any definitive conclusions - and like Alan says, a lot of that data comes from the same lab (Varady's). It's worth mentioning that Varady appeared in a laughable infomercial documentary called . In it, Michael Mosley - the show host and soon- to- be- author, interviews researchers working in the field of intermittent fasting and Varady is one of them. After rewatching the segment she appeared in, I found her to be matter of fact and professional even though she dutifully suffered through all the TV show gimmicks thrown at her - they gorged on hamburgers and fries to show that you could stuff your face and still lose weight on ADF, for example. By the way, this . Seems like there was some kind of falling out between Varady and Mosley after that. Don't waste your money. If you want a book on intermittent fasting, pick up Eat Stop Eat. Now, speaking of Varady, there's nothing wrong with pushing your agenda, but don't shove it down peoples throats by publishing bad research and doing shady shit like failing to disclose your conflicts of interest, because that makes you suspect in my eyes. That said, there's nothing fishy about her recent work, as far as I can tell. It's entirely possible that Varady and her colleagues got together one night and decided amongst themselves to doctor the results, but I find that very unlikely. It's kind of spooky, but a client just sent me this two minutes ago. I'm mentioned on the same page as Mosley and Varady, and I'm reading it just as I finish up this paragraph. I believe he was reading a book by his doctor, Robin Willcourt. I'll have to ask about the title, so I'll add it here later for those interested. Update: Name of the book is Chasing Antelopes: Why All This Caused All That. When fuckery strikes in science, it's usually a lot more subtle and sinister. I would know, because years ago, I approached Alan with this subject. See, I had uncovered some sophisticated tampering with the results of a study that received a lot of spin on social media and the mainstream news. I was slightly distressed over the fact that he had missed it - the studies appeared in the AARR, not only once, but twice - and presented my findings. I needed a second opinion, because maybe I was making a hen out of a feather. Nope. Alan agreed, it was some shady shit. In fact, it was a case study in deceit. Career- ending, if you ask me. But to this day, no one has debunked the findings, and the researcher is still active; polluting the journals with more bullshit for every new study that gets published. Who knows, maybe one day I'll put an end to it. The key point of all this, is that science can't be trusted for shit, unless you do your due diligence and read the fine print. But in this particular case, concerning Krista Varady, I'm not worried. Article continues below.. This limitation also plagues the body of research comparing various within- day meal frequencies. Readers familiar with my work know that Brad Schoenfeld, James Krieger, and I did a meta- analysis on the effect of meal frequency on body composition, and found that higher meal frequencies were associated with greater losses of fat mass and greater retention of lean mass (2. However, sensitivity analysis revealed that the removal of a single study (2. It’s worth noting that the studies in our analysis (and in this entire body of literature) lacked sufficient protein. An exception was Arciero et al (2. Furthermore, 6 meals per day increased lean mass despite hypocaloric conditions. MB: Sure thing. Something like that only happens in a study sponsored by EAS, Alan. Article continues below.. However, the question of muscle gain via IF remains unanswered since the investigative focus of IF research has been on weight/fat loss and accompanying clinical effects. No IF studies in the current literature have focused on the goal of gains in muscle size and/or strength. As such, No IF studies to- date (at least none that have passed peer review) have included a structured, progressive resistance training program. This is untreaded ground fresh for the taking by researchers with the desire to do so. Calorie - Wikipedia. Calories are units of energy. Various definitions exist but fall into two broad categories. The small calorie or gram calorie (symbol: cal) is the approximate amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius at a pressure of one atmosphere. It is equal to 7. One small calorie is approximately 4. The factor used to convert calories to joules at a given temperature is numerically equivalent to the specific heat capacity of water expressed in joules per kelvin per gram or per kilogram. The precise conversion factor depends on the definition adopted. In spite of its non- official status, the large calorie is still widely used as a unit of food energy. The small calorie is also often used for measurements in chemistry, although the amounts involved are typically recorded in kilocalories. The calorie was first defined by Nicolas Cl. The word comes from Latin calor meaning . Accordingly, several different precise definitions of the calorie have been used. The pressure is usually taken to be the standard atmospheric pressure (7. The temperature increase can be expressed as one kelvin, which means the same as an increment of one degree Celsius. Name. Symbol. Conversions. Notes. Thermochemical caloriecalth. Experimental values of this calorie ranged from 4. J. The CIPM in 1. J, noting an uncertainty of 0. J. This definition was adopted by the Fifth International Conference on Properties of Steam (London, July 1. Using the mean international ohm and volt (7. Until 1. 94. 8, the latter was defined as 4. J was chosen to have the new thermochemical calorie represent the same quantity of energy as before. As if to avoid confusion, it is sometimes written Calorie (with a capital . Capitalization contravenes the rule that the initial letter of a unit name or its derivative shall be lower case in English. A nutritional requirement or consumption is often expressed in calories per day. One gram of fat in food contains nine kilocalories, while a gram of either a carbohydrate or a protein contains approximately four kilocalories. Even though it is not an SI unit, it is still used in chemistry. For example, the energy released in a chemical reaction per mole of reagent is occasionally expressed in kilocalories per mole. It is also occasionally used to specify energy quantities that relate to reaction energy, such as enthalpy of formation and the size of activation barriers. University of New Mexico. Retrieved 3. 0 April 2. Retrieved 3. 1 August 2. Annex B (informative): Other units given for information, especially regarding the conversion factor. International Organization for Standardization, 1. FAO (1. 97. 1). The 'Thermochemical calorie' was defined by Rossini simply as 4. J exactly). Pure and Applied Chemistry. Retrieved 2. 1 January 2. Handbook of Materials Science: General Properties, Volume 1. Retrieved 8 March 2. Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature(PDF) (3 ed.). Retrieved 3. 1 August 2. UK Metric Association. Retrieved 1. 7 April 2. National Physical Laboratory. Retrieved 8 February 2.
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